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今天的主題是 The discussion topic for today
跨文化溝通 is intercultural communication
目標:理解文化差異 Your objectives: to understand cultural differences
理解文化及跨文化溝通的含義 to understand the meaning of culture and intercultural communication
認識跨文化溝通失效 to recognize ineffective intercultural communication
找到增進跨文化溝通的方式 and to identify ways to improve intercultural communication
什麼是文化 What is culture?
什麼是跨文化溝通 What is intercultural communication?
文化是一種共享的認識體系 Culture is a shared system of meanings
由人們的生活環境衍生出來 derived from the environment in which people live
它是一系列思維的集合 It is a mind set
是人們對所處物質和人文環境的反應 people's response to their physical and human environments
是一種代代相傳的生存機制 a survival mechanism passed from generation to generation
是價值思想理念的傳承體系 a transmitted system of values, ideas and understandings
這些照片拍攝於埃及 These pictures are from Egypt
我這裡準備了各種各樣的照片 So I have given you a snapshot of various types of activities
有大城市的也有農業區域的 We have major cities and then we have agricultural pictures in which
這些地方的環境基調 pretty much the pace of things have been the same
數百年甚至數千年內都沒有變化 throughout the last hundreds if not thousands of years
文化有兩種:高情境文化和低情境文化 The two types of cultures are high-context and low-context
高情境文化指的是 High-context refers to
說得少溝通需要揣測 little is said; much of the communication is inferred
高情境文化中的信息 So the information that is received in a high-context culture
需要揣測 has to be inferred
也就是說需要自己從字裡行間會意 In other words one has to read in between the lines to get the meaning
而低情境文化 In a low-context culture
說得多 much is said
大多數溝通信息都明確表達出來 most of the communication is explicitly spelled out
一個文化是高情境還是低情境 To determine whether a culture is high-context or low-context
可以通過該國政府來看 one can look at the government of that country
如果信息能夠從政府自由流出 If information flows freely from the government
那這個國家通常是低情境文化 then usually that culture is low-context
反之如果信息受到一定抑制 However, if the information is a bit subdued
或有些信息不被提供 or all the information is not provided
則該國很有可能是高情境文化 probably that culture is high-context
文化差異顯示在很多不同方面 Cultural differences manifest themselves in various ways
首先存在個人主義和集體主義的不同 First we have individualism versus collectivism
個人主義的文化中 In a culture that is individualistic
個人或者說僱員 the individual, in other words, the employee
其工作成果只看其個人完成情況 and the goals, the work that an individual employee completes
個人要么成功要么失敗 is either valued-- either that individual fails or succeeds
這取決於其個人的工作質量 based on his or her quality of work
而在集體主義文化中 Whereas in a collectivistic community or society
整個群體被看成一個實體 everyone in that group is looked at upon as one entity
要么每個人都成功要么每個人都失敗 Either everyone in that group fails or everyone in that group succeeds
然後有時間上的不同 Then we have time
時間花在什麼上 So how is one's time being spent
時間又分為單一時間模式和多元時間模式 Time's also divided into monochronic and polychronic
一會我們還會細講 and we'll take a look at that in a few moments
商務關係和個人關係存在差別 We have business versus personal relationships
很多時候 And many times
時間同商務與個人關係之間是相關的 time and business and personal relationships are hand in hand
也許很多時間都花在了解你這個人身上 So perhaps, much time will be spent getting to know you better
然後再才開始建立商務關係 before a business relationship is taken upon
然後是權力關係的不同 Then we have power relationships
很多文化中僱員必須同直接負責的人溝通 In many cultures, you must communicates with a person in charge,
而不是其助手 not his/her assistant
所以必須知道 So really it's important to know
誰是負責人以及同誰溝通 who's in charge and who you need to communicate with
然後是真實性的不同 And then we have truth
我們所處的文化中 Usually in our culture
一般來說有人沖你微笑並點頭贊同 when someone smiles or when someone nods in the affirmative
表示此人理解並接受了你的觀點 we take that as that person understands what we are saying
但有些文化中並非如此 But in other cultures, you cannot take that as being a truth
很可能此人並不贊同你 Because more than likely that person may not agree with you
甚至都沒有理解你說的 or even understand your point of view
此人只是不想讓你難堪 but as a way not to embarrass you
所以才沒直接反駁你 that person will not say anything negative to you
然後是食物的不同 And then we have food
食物顯然存在巨大的文化差異 And food is definitely a big cultural difference
很多時候 And many times
商務會談會在餐桌上開始 a business meeting will take place during lunch or dinner
這時就必須注意食物的差異 So you need to be aware of differences in food and what you
注意應該吃什麼不應該吃什麼 are willing to eat and what you're not willing to eat
這張照片拍攝於西非的加納 This picture was taken in Ghana, West Africa
這對母子正在做一種食物叫富富 This is a mother and son and they are making a dish called fufu
這種食物基本是糧食和水做成 And the dish's made out of the grain and water basically
母親需要和麵 And so the mother needs the dough
兒子則需要敲打 And the son pounds the dough
很有趣的製作方式 And so really it's quite something to see
動作很快 because they work quite fast and
兒子又要避免不打到母親的手 the son has to be really careful not to pound his mother's hand
當時我和一個朋友正經過村莊 So a friend and I were walking through this village
於是駐足觀看他們很友好 and we saw them making this dish and they were really friendly
邀請我們一同進餐 And they did ask us to join them for dinner
我的朋友吃了這個我卻沒有 And my friend did eat the dish but I did not
因為一般 because usually
富富中麵團是放在牛肉上 this dish, the fufu, the dough is placed on top of beef
而我不吃牛肉 And I don't eat beef
於是我說謝謝你們的款待 So I had to explain to them that thank you for your hospitality but
同時解釋自己不吃牛肉的原因 I explained to them why I don't eat beef and
他們可能有點失望 they were probably a bit disappointed
不過經過溝通後他們顯然 but the way that I communicated with them, they were able to
能夠理解我的立場 understand my position
以及我不吃富富的原因 and the reasons why I did not want to partake of the dish
我需要小心不冒犯他們 And I was very careful not to offend them
我的文化及我對吃牛肉的觀點 It was more of my culture and how I felt about eat beef and
是我不吃富富的原因他們表示理解 that's why I cannot partake of this dish. They're very understanding
這裡需要大家了解的重點是 The major point of this discussion is to let you know that
同其它文化之間進行溝通其實不難 it's very easy to communicate with other cultures
所有文化中都是一樣 You have to do so effectively just as in any culture, in our culture
只需要把觀點有效表達出來就行了 you must have to communicate effectively to get your point across
只是需要謹慎 and you have to be sensitive
跨文化溝通是 Intercultural communication is the ability to
在理解文化差異基礎上同其它文化人群 communicate sensitively with people from other cultures and countries
進行有效溝通的能力 based on an understanding of cultural differences
這非常重要 and that is very important
前提是必須了解對方文化 So you have to make sure that you understand the culture
不管是出去訪問還是進行商務活動 that you're going to visit or that you're going to conduct business
在溝通時需要保持敏感 and so that you are sensitive to the way that people communicates
注意自己的溝通風格 the aware of your communication style
同時注意對方的風格 and you are aware of their style as well
跨文化非語言溝通表現於 Intercultural nonverbal communication manifests itself
身體語言手勢空間時間著裝顏色 through body language, gestures, space, time, clothing and colors
需要注意對方的身體語言 So you have to be aware of one's body language
注意而且需要懂 aware of it and be able to read it
還是那個例子 because once again, you need to think that
對方沖你微笑 someone may agree with you
= = 點頭你可能認為這是讚同 because he/she is smiling and nodding in the affirmative
但並不一定是這樣 Whereas like I said previously that's not necessarily the case
因此你還需要注意身體語言和手勢 So you do have to be aware of body language and gestures
空間指的是間距 Also space, and this refers to personal space
很多高情境文化中 In many high-context cultures
小於等於2英尺 be 2 feet apart or less is definitely
是很合適的商務溝通間距 the way to conduct business and is very comfortable
而我們所處的文化中5英尺才合適 Whereas in our culture, 5 feet is very comfortable
溝通時一定要保持敏感 So you have to make sure that you sensitively communicate
確保知道對方是否願意坐得更遠一點 to that person that you prefer to sit a little further away or
或者是否需要重新安排位置需要很小心 you can suggest another sitting arrangement again being very sensitive
時間 Time
時間分為單一時間模式和多元時間模式 And we can divide time into monochronic and polychronic
還有著裝和顏色 We have clothing and colors
注意穿合適的服裝 Making sure that you wear the appropriate clothing
注意 Making sure that
= = 顏色不要冒犯對方文化 the colors that you wear are not offensive to that particular culture
下面看時間 Okay, so time
一元時間模式表示一個時間處理一件事 Monochronic refers to dealing one thing at a time
把時間分段 and also refers to increments of time
即一個任務給定一定時間完成如13或15分鐘 In other words, giving yourself 15 or 13 minutes to complete a task
而多元時間模式同時處理多個事件 Whereas polychronic refers to doing several things at once
包括拉家常時間 and also refers to family time
可能會在商務活動完成前 So devoting one's time to one's family or
將時間花在拉家常上 perhaps talking about one's family before business is completed
這些是大家需要注意的 so things like that, you want to make sure that you are aware of
不像我們這裡9點上課 Whereas here, we are expected, if the class begins at nine o'clock
或者9點會談 or a meeting begins at nine o'clock
那9點就要正式開始上課或會談 we expect that meeting or class to begin at nine o'clock
有些國家中 Whereas in other countries
特別是高情境文化中 particularly high-context cultures
安排在9點的會談 a meeting that is scheduled for nine o'clock
進入主題可能已經9點半了 may not begin until 9:30 because
因為會談前可能會拉家常 time has been spent discussing one's family
或者閒談一些工作外的事情 or chitchatting about other issues other than business
下面測試下大家的跨文化溝通能力 Okay let's see how intercultural savvy you are
這裡有一些跨文化溝通的題目 by completing the intercultural communication game
狗在哪個國家或地區中被認為是厄運和不潔之物 Dogs are considered bad luck or unclean in
美國台灣北非還是日本 the US, Taiwan, North Africa or Japan?
這是我在埃及拍的狗的照片 This is a picture of dogs that I took in Egypt
我在那裡就看到這幾隻狗 And these were the only dogs that I saw
於是拍了照 I had to take a picture of them
可以說我把埃及逛了個遍 And I traveled Egypt from North to South, East and West
看到很多貓 And I saw quite a few cats
但狗就看到這幾隻 but these were the only dogs that I saw
所以答案是北非 So the answer is North Africa
伊斯蘭教文化 People of the Muslim religion
將狗看作厄運的象徵 consider a dog to be either a sign of bad luck
或者不潔的象徵 or a symbol of uncleanness
想像一下你家養了狗 So just imagine for those of you who have dogs
然後你到北非國家去談業務 and perhaps you are in an North African country
談判對方來自北非國家 you are discussing with your counterpart in this North African country
比如埃及或摩洛哥 let's say Egypt or Morocco
拉家常時 You are talking about your dog
你談到了你家的狗 talking about your family, talking about your dog
說狗是你家的一份子 You mention that your dog is a part of your family
說狗和你住一起睡在你床上 and your dog lives inside, he jumps on your bed
講來講去都是你家的狗 So you have all these stories about your dog
這本來是沒問題的 which is fine
但此時會談的對像是北非人 but just remember that that your counterpart in North Africa
他們將狗視作厄運和不潔之物 thinks of dogs is a sign of bad luck or uncleanness
更注重語言溝通 Relying more on verbal communication
較少看情境不喜歡用暗示傳達信息 and less on circumstances and implied meanings to convey meaning
美國台灣希臘整個非洲 US, Taiwan, Greece or Africa? We're looking at Africa as a whole
大家應該都能得到正確答案 Well, hopefully all of you got this question correct
大家知道美國是典型的低情境文化 Because it is US and with the definition of a low-context culture
對別國文化和商務方式最天真的是 The most naive about other cultures and the way they do business
美國墨西哥阿拉伯國家韓國 US, Mexico, Arabic nation, South Korea?
美國 US
這就是今天專題討論文化的原因雖然很簡略 That's why we're having this discussion even though it's very brief
而且教材也就講了一章 and your book only covers one chapter
但這絕對是很重要的問題 but still it's a very important discussion to have
你會被推定為有罪除非證明無辜 You are presumed guilty until proven innocent
美國墨西哥埃及西班牙 US, Mexico, Egypt and Spain?
肯定不是美國 Hopefully, it is not the US
答案是墨西哥 The answer is Mexico
所以去墨西哥時務必小心 So when you travel to Mexico, you want to be really careful
說不時會動右手 To say "no," they move their right hands
美國保加利亞日本西西里 US, Bulgaria, Japan, Sicily?
在日本信息用身體語言和語調傳達 In Japan information is conveyed
在日本信息用身體語言和語調傳達 through body language and tone of voice
說不時會動右手 They move their right hands to say "no"
保加利亞點頭表示不 In Bulgaria, they nod up and down to say "no"
西西里則是抬下巴 In Sicily, they raise their chins
所以在保加利亞要格外小心 So be very careful when you go to Bulgaria
因為點頭在我們這裡是讚同 Because the way that we know a "yes"
因為點頭在我們這裡是讚同 we nod our heads up and down
而在他們那裡卻是"不" 需要小心 really you're saying no. So be very careful
這說明非語言溝通的意思 That goes to show that no nonverbal communication
在世界範圍內會因文化而異 has the same meaning throughout the world
握手只握一下 A handshake is a single stroke
美國法國西班牙墨西哥 US, France, Spain or Mexico?
法國 France
西班牙握手是五到七下 A handshake in Spain lasts 5 to 7 strokes
握得太短會被看作是拒絕 and pulling away too soon may be seen as rejection
美國人握手大概是三下 A handshake in the US is approximately 3 strokes
與最高級別人員溝通決定做得更快 Decisions are made quickly with the highest-ranking executive
美國拉美法國巴基斯坦 US, Latin America as a whole, France and Pakistan?
答案是巴基斯坦 The answer is Pakistan
在美國最高層只決定大的方向 In the US top employees decide the main points
細節問題都留給較低層員工 and leave the details to lower-level employees
而在拉美 In Latin America
決定需要在很多討論後緩慢出爐 decisions are made slowly after much discussion
法國人形式上很殷勤 France favors an atmosphere of formal hospitality
實際磋商時對對方並不信任 and start negotiations by mistrusting the other party
在日本 In Japan
溝通需要在詳盡耗時的過程後達成一致 a negotiation team arrives at a consensus
溝通需要在詳盡耗時的過程後達成一致 through elaborate, time-consuming process
商務信件開篇引述商務關係 Business letters open with a reference to the business relationship
結尾恭維收信者 and close with a compliment to the recipient
美國日本瑞典德國 US, Japan, Sweden and Germany?
答案是德國 And the answer is Germany
地位由物質體現 Status is shown with materialism
美國法國西西里德國 US, France, Sicily, Germany?
答案是美國 The answer is US
每七個人中就有一個 Out of every 7 people, one person
在家不說本國語言 speaks a language other than his/her native language when at home
美國瑞典德國日本 US, Sweden, Germany, Japan?
在美國西班牙語是英語之後最普遍的語言 In the US, Spanish is the most commonly spoken language after English
再之後是法語德語意大利語漢語 followed by French, German, Italian, and Chinese
不過在多數其它國家中 However, in most other countries
幾乎每個人都會至少一門外語 almost every person speaks at least one additional language
商務談判者之間需要間隔5英尺 Business executives need to stand about 5ft apart during conversations
美國德國日本阿拉伯國家 US, Germany, Japan, and Arabic nations as a whole?
答案是美國之前我們討論過 And the answer is US. And I gave you a hint earlier in the discussion
跨文化溝通 Intercultural communication
一個成功的跨文化溝通者: Remember that the successful intercultural communicator is
知道自己的價值觀和行為 aware that his or her preferred values and beliefs, behaviors
是文化所致並不一定是正確的 are influenced by culture and are not necessarily correct
因此自己的方式並不是唯一方式 So your way is not necessarily the only way
靈活並願意改變 Flexible and open to change
精於觀察語言和非語言行為 Sensitive to verbal and nonverbal behavior
精於觀察文化中的個體差異 Sensitive to differences among individuals within a culture
這很重要我之前講的 And this is very important because this discussion has been
是高情境文化和低情境文化的一般差別 a general view of high-context versus low-context cultures
這還不夠還要考慮文化中的個人 but remember that everyone within a culture is an individual
所以說既要注意 So you want to make sure that you are aware of
總體文化差異 overall cultural differences
又要注意相同文化中個人之間的差異 but not necessarily do those cultural differences have to be applied
又要注意相同文化中個人之間的差異 to individuals within that culture
我們所處的文化中也是如此 The same is very true for our culture
注意其它文化中的價值觀信念和實踐 Aware of the values, beliefs, and practices in other cultures
要想成功 So to be successful
必須滿足以上五條標準 you need to make sure that you adhere to these 5 criteria
當然以上內容並不是讓大家 Now this discussion is not meant to lead you to believe that
在同其它文化溝通時拋棄自己的文化 you should give away all of your cultural upbringing when you go to
= = 這絕不是我要講的 other cultures. That's not what I'm saying
我只是告訴大家要注意 But it's very important for you to be aware that
你的行為方式並不一定能傳達給其它文化 your way of doing things may not translate well to other cultures
所以你需要靈活變通 so you need to make sure that you are flexible and open to change
但願對方也是如此 And hopefully that person, your counterpart will be as well
你需要靈活 But you need to be flexible
因為文化不是一成不變 because things change rapidly in other cultures
需要靈活變通才能成功 So you need to be flexible and open to that change to be successful
同時還需要保證 Once again, you need to make sure that you're
保持謹慎 sensitive as well so that you're aware
我認為學習其它文化 I think learning about other cultures
會讓你知道 什麼該小心 will make you sensitive and aware of what's going on
希望大家 So I hope that you have
看了這些關於跨文化溝通的內容之後 能有所收穫 enjoyed our discussion on intercultural communication